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By Jocelyn Vena
Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1706289/justin-bieber-tattoo-selena-gomez.jhtml
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Apr. 23, 2013 ? There's big news in the world of tiny things. New research led by University of Cincinnati physics professors Howard Jackson and Leigh Smith could contribute to better ways of harnessing solar energy, more effective air quality sensors or even stronger security measures against biological weapons such as anthrax. And it all starts with something that's 1,000 times thinner than the typical human hair -- a semiconductor nanowire.
UC's Jackson, Smith, recently graduated PhD student Melodie Fickenscher and physics doctoral student Teng Shi, as well as several colleagues from across the US and around the world recently have published the research paper "Optical, Structural and Numerical Investigations of GaAs/AlGaAs Core-Multishell Nanowire Quantum Well Tubes" in Nano Letters, a journal on nanoscience and nanotechnology published by the American Chemical Society. In the paper, the team reports that they've discovered a new structure in a semiconductor nanowire with unique properties.
"This kind of structure in the gallium arsenide/aluminum gallium arsenide system had not been achieved before," Jackson says. "It's new in terms of where you find the electrons and holes, and spatially it's a new structure."
EYES ON SIZE AND CORNERING ELECTRONS
These little structures could have a big effect on a variety of technologies. Semiconductors are at the center of modern electronics. Computers, TVs and cellphones have them. They're made from the crystalline form of elements that have scientifically beneficial electrical conductivity properties. Many semiconductors are made of silicon, but in this case they are made of gallium arsenide. And while widespread use of these thin nanowires in new devices might still be around the corner, the key to making that outcome a reality in the coming years is what's in the corner.
By using a thin shell called a quantum well tube and growing it -- to about 4 nanometers thick -- around the nanowire core, the researchers found electrons within the nanowire were distributed in an unusual way in relation to the facets of the hexagonal tube. A close look at the corners of the tube's facets revealed something unexpected -- a high concentration of ground state electrons and holes.
"Having the faceting really matters. It changes the ballgame," Jackson says. "Adjusting the quantum well tube width allows you to control the energy -- which would have been expected -- but in addition we have found that there's a highly localized ground state at the corners which then can give rise to true quantum nanowires."
The nanowires the team uses for its research are grown at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia -- one partner in this project that extends to disparate parts of the globe.
AFFECTING THE SCIENCE OF SMALL IN A BIG WAY
The team's discovery opens a new door to further study of the fundamental physics of semiconductor nanowires. As for leading to advances in technology such as photovoltaic cells, Jackson says it's too soon to tell because quantum nanowires are just now being explored. But in a world where hundreds of dollars' worth of technology is packed into a 5-by-2.5 inch iPhone, it's not hard to see how small but powerful science comes at a premium.
The team at UC is one of only about a half dozen in the US conducting competitive research in the field. It's a relatively young discipline, too, Jackson says, and one that's moving fast. For such innovative science, he says it's important to have a collaborative effort. The team includes scientists from research centers in the Midwest, the West Coast and all the way Down Under: UC, Miami University of Ohio and Sandia National Laboratories in California here in the US; and Monash University and the Australian National University in Australia.
The team's efforts are another example of how UC not only stands out as a leader in top-notch science, but also in shaping the future of the discipline by providing its students with high-quality educational and research opportunities.
"We're training students in state-of-the-art techniques on state-of-the-art materials doing state-of-the-art physics," Jackson says. "Upon completing their education here, they're positioned to go out and make contributions of their own."
Additional contributors to the paper are Jan Yarrison-Rice of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio; Bryan Wong of Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Calif.; Changlin Zheng, Peter Miller and Joanne Etheridge of Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and Qiang Gao, Shriniwas Deshpande, Hark Hoe Tan and Chennupati Jagadish of the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/physics/~3/Rw930UopHIw/130423135720.htm
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Stephen Colbert hosts a South Carolina primary rally with former Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain at the College of Charleston, S.C., on Jan. 20, 2012.Photo by Jason Reed/Reuters
As the faux-conservative Colbert Report host, Stephen Colbert has lampooned campaign finance laws and the U.S. electoral system by starting his own super PAC and announcing bids for the presidency and ?the president of the United States of South Carolina.? But another Colbert?this one with a hard t at the end?is also vying for the political spotlight: Elizabeth Colbert Busch, Stephen?s older sister, who?s facing off against avid Appalachian Trail hiker and former South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford in a May 7 special election for South Carolina?s 1st Congressional District. Colbert has twice devoted show segments to his sister?s campaign, including one endorsing her candidacy, and has mocked Sanford on countless occasions. With the show?s nightly viewership of 1.5 million and the documented ?Colbert bump? in a politician?s support after an appearance, is Colbert violating election laws by blending his hosting role with his sister?s campaign?
Probably not. The central law in play is the Federal Communications Commission?s equal-time rule. Beginning with the Radio Act of 1927, which Congress enacted in response to fears of broadcasters? ability to sway elections by limiting a candidate?s access to the airwaves, radio and television networks have been required to offer equal airtime (or opportunities to purchase advertising at a reduced price) to all candidates if they request it. Exemptions were later added for documentaries, newscasts, news interviews, and on-the-spot news events.
Since it covers news stories and political issues, The Colbert Report would likely fall under the newscast or news interviews exceptions. This exemption would permit Colbert to interview his sister on his show without giving Sanford equal time. However, Sanford would have seven days after Colbert Busch?s first appearance to file an equal-time request; if turned down, Sanford could file a complaint to the FCC.
Mentions or endorsements of Colbert Busch?s campaign or jokes at Sanford?s expense would not be considered in-kind campaign gifts. Though the Federal Election Commission has previously tried to argue these mentions could count as campaign contributions, free-speech issues and FCC rulings have trumped any attempts by the FEC to regulate this speech. Viacom, the parent company of The Colbert Report, may exercise more caution in this case?or at least do extra vetting with its lawyers. Since corporations are barred from making campaign contributions to federal candidates, Colbert could potentially raise legal issues for Viacom if he?s coordinating his message with his sister?s campaign, though again Colbert?s endorsements or mentions likely are covered by the newscast exception to the equal-time rule.
Outside his show, Colbert has hosted several fundraisers for his sister, including two $500-to-$10,000-per-ticket events in Washington, D.C., and New York. These donations would be filed to the FEC with names and amounts listed and would go toward Colbert Busch?s campaign. This contrasts with the campaign finance laws Colbert mocked through his now-defunct Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow super PAC, which allowed him to collect unlimited donations from his fans before he shut down the super PAC in December and split the remaining funds among several charities. If Colbert decided to revive his super PAC for his sister?s campaign, he should not also fundraise directly for his sister?s campaign, since super PACs are barred from coordinating with candidates.
Colbert Busch is currently favored by likely voters 50 percent to Sanford?s 41 percent, according to Public Policy Polling. Her campaign may be getting a boost from the Colbert bump (and from Sanford?s stumbles), but Colbert is in the clear to keep preaching his brand of truthiness for his sister?s campaign. And the rest of us are eager for a sibling showdown on The Colbert Report?s ?Better Know a District.?
Got a question about today?s news??Ask the Explainer.
Explainer thanks Richard Hasen, a professor at University of California?Irvine School of Law and author of the Election Law Blog, and Jack Goodman, a broadcast attorney and former general counsel at the National Association of Broadcasters in Washington, D.C.
Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=9667f733b13f2a28414fdfab443f6e18
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